Pronouns: Relative and Demonstrative

Relative Pronoun

In Portuguese, the main relative pronouns are "que", "cujo(a)", and "o(a) qual". Their function is to substitute nouns in a sentence, avoiding the need to repeat them. In Greek, the relative pronoun agrees in gender and number with its antecedent (the noun it replaces), but its case depends on the function it performs within its own clause or the preposition that precedes it.

Declension of the Relative Pronoun: ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (which, who)

Examples of usage in the New Testament:
• ἐλεύσονται ἡμέραι ἐν αἷς οὐκ ἀφεθήσεται λίθος ἐπὶ λίθῳ... (Lk 21.6) → “Days will come in which not one stone will be left upon another...” (αἷς agrees in feminine gender and plural number with the antecedent ἡμέραι, but is in the dative because it is governed by the preposition ἐν).
• οὐαὶ δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ δι' οὗ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται· (Mk 14.21) → “But woe to that man by whom (through whom) the Son of Man is betrayed.” (οὗ is masculine singular agreeing with ἀνθρώπῳ, but is in the genitive because of the preposition διά).
• ἃ δὲ γράφω ὑμῖν, ἰδοὺ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ὅτι οὐ ψεύδομαι. (Gal 1.20) → “The things that I write to you, behold, before God, I am not lying.” (The neuter plural ἅ without a specific antecedent translates as “the things which”).

Demonstrative Pronouns

1. οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο (this)

2. ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο (that)

Vocabulary

Vocabulário do Capítulo

• ἀκολουθέω: I follow
• ἁμαρτάνω: I sin (Aorist 2 = ἥμαρτον)
• ἀπέρχομαι: I depart, go away, come
• δεῖ: it is necessary (used with an infinitive)
• διδάσκω: I teach
• ζάω: I live
• περιπατέω: I walk, around [verb]
• σῴζω: I save, deliver
• αἰών (αἰῶνος), ὁ: age, era, eternity
• βασιλεύς (βασιλέως), ὁ: king
• ἐξουσία (ἐξουσίας), ἡ: authority, power
• θάνατος (θανάτου), ὁ: death
• ὁδός (ὁδοῦ), ἡ: way, road, path
• ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο: that
• ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which
• οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this
• δύο: two